Lessons learned about technology transfer
The present paper derives lessons learned about effective technology transfer from research on the technology transfer process in New Mexico over the past several years. Technology transfer from national R&D laboratories and from research universities provides the main basis for economic growth by metropolitan regions in the United States. New Mexico is (1) technology-rich because of Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of New Mexico, and (2) entrepreneur-friendly. High-technology spin-offs are a particularly effective means of technology transfer. The process of technology transfer is a difficult type of communication, and demands trained and skilled personnel, adequate resources, and organizational and other reward/incentive structures.[1]
Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory
My purpose is to review, synthesize and criticize the voluminous, multidisciplinary literature on technology transfer. To reduce the literature to manageable proportions, I focus chiefly (not exclusively) on recent literature on domestic technology transfer from universities and government laboratories. I begin by examining a set of fundamental conceptual issues, especially the ways in which the analytical ambiguities surrounding technology transfer concepts affect research and theory. My literature review follows and I emphasize technology transfer’s impact and effectiveness. I employ a “Contingent Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer” to organize the literature. As the model’s name implies, it assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms. In addition to examining the more traditional effectiveness criteria- those rooted in market impacts- the model considers a number of alternative effectiveness criteria, including political effectiveness, capacity-building.[2]
Technology transfer
Scientific and methodological recommendations have been developed for improving the organizational and economic mechanism for transferring intellectual products. Particular attention is paid to the development of organizational forms of technology transfer, management of the processes of creation, production and marketing of intellectual products. Developed recommendations for the valuation of technology and pricing it. The issues of monitoring innovation processes in the creation, production and transfer of technological products, as well as in assessing their economic efficiency are considered.[3]
Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between FDI, Technology Transfer and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Technology transfer (TT) and foreign direct investment (FDI) have been identified as an important conduit in the promotion of economic development. But many developing nations fear the opening up of their markets to competition and foreign investment. This paper empirically studies the relationship between FDI, TT and economic growth in Nigeria. Domestic investment (DI), human capital and the degree of openness are crucial variables used in this study mechanism. The acceptance of the twin concept of FDI and TT as a tool for economic growth and convergence in LDC has been a long item even by policy makers and economists in planning macroeconomic policy objectives and object of desired attainment. It is now a debate if exogenous or endogenous factors drive economic growth. Our objective for this research is to present the trend and ascertain the impact of FDI, technology transfer and openness of the Nigerian economy against domestic investment and the available human capital resource on economic growth. Analytical measure was used to present the trend of the variables and econometric methodology was used to provide empirical evidence on the impact of endogenous and exogenous variable in the Nigeria context. Conclusions from the findings were that domestic and external variables constitute economic growth. Furthermore, human capital was crucial for both domestic and foreign investment to strive. Technology transfer (TT) causes economic growth but international channels of TT did not favour economic growth. Similarly, degree of openness was found not to be a favourable channel; rather channels like University Industry (U-I), TT and taking intellectual properties to the market will propel economic growth. However, as macroeconomic activities increases with globalisation, there is the need to increase human capital investment effort and good foreign policies to make the foreign scene more additive to economic growth in the country.[4]
Effectiveness of Agricultural Information and Communication Center in Technology Transfer to the Farmers in Bangladesh
Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in information dissemination in agriculture sector is getting popular day by day especially in technology transfer to the farmers. While various forms of ICT devices and centers abound in Bangladesh today. The recent innovation of agricultural information delivery developed by the government initiative started with 20 Agricultural Information and Communication Center (AICC) and planned to increase the numbers to cover most of the Agro-Ecological Regions of the country. In connection to this issue, this study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of Agricultural Information and Communication Centers (AICC) in technology transfer to farmers. Besides, important factors were identified those could contribute to farmers’ understanding on effectiveness of AICC. The study was conducted in five sub-districts of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. One hundred AICC users were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire to collect the data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. More than one-third (37%) of the farmers perceived that effectiveness of AICC in technology transfer was high while 38% of the farmers perceived as “moderately effective” and 25% perceived as “low effective”. Farmers’ characteristics such as education, farm size, annual family income, organizational participation, extension contact, awareness on ICT facilities, access to ICT facilities, knowledge on ICT, and training received on ICT had significant positive relationship with their perceived effectiveness of AICC while age and household size had negative and insignificant relationship with effectiveness of AICC. The influential factors that affecting the effectiveness of AICC were education, annual family income and knowledge on ICT were confirmed by the multiple regression models. This model also explained that these three explanatory variables together explained 81.2% variation in perceived effectiveness of AICC while knowledge on ICT explained 70% variation in perceived effectiveness of AICC. Lack of operational knowledge of computer, lack of training facilities on ICT, low awareness among rural farmers were identified as the major constraints of using AICC facilities. However, extension policy makers should take into consideration above findings and provides ICT training to the users, developing ICT infrastructure, adequate maintenance of the center facilities etc. that influence to make AICC effective and sustainable.[5]
Reference
[1] Rogers, E.M., Takegami, S. and Yin, J., 2001. Lessons learned about technology transfer. Technovation, 21(4), pp.253-261.
[2] Bozeman, B., 2000. Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory. Research policy, 29(4-5), pp.627-655.
[3] Pererva, P.G., Kocziszky, G., Szakaly, D. and Somosi Veres, M., 2012. Technology transfer. National Technical University” Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”.
[4] Ekperiware, M.C. and Adepoju, A.O., 2013. Empirical analysis of the relationship between FDI, technology transfer and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, pp.265-276.
[5} Khan, M.S., Rahman, M.H. and Uddin, M.N., 2017. Effectiveness of agricultural information and communication center in technology transfer to the farmers in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, pp.1-11.
